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India Census 2026: Counting 1.4 Billion with Caste Data Debut

India has commenced its 2026 census after a 16-year delay, targeting a population of 1.4 billion. The exercise involves over 3 million enumerators using mobile apps for data collection across all states. For the first time since 1931, caste data will be included, sparking debate over its social and political impact. The census will gather extensive information on housing, assets, demographics, and economic conditions. Results are expected in 2027, providing critical insights into India's demographic dividend and societal structure. This massive undertaking aims to guide policy in one of the world's most populous and diverse nations.

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India Census 2026: Counting 1.4 Billion with Caste Data Debut

India has launched its long-delayed census, aiming to count approximately 1.4 billion people across 26 states and union territories, with data collection via mobile app and the controversial inclusion of caste information for the first time since 1931.

Background and Delay

  • India conducts a decadal census, but this one is 16 years late due to Covid-19 and administrative issues.
  • Last census in 2011 counted 1.2 billion; current estimates exceed 1.4 billion, surpassing China.
  • Demographic shift: over 40% under age 25, median age 28, indicating a potential demographic dividend.

Census Process and Phases

  • Two-phase exercise covering all regions.
  • Phase 1: Collects household details, amenities, and assets.
  • Phase 2 (scheduled February 2027): Gathers demographics, income, education, migration, and fertility data.
  • Over 3 million enumerators, primarily teachers and government officials, will conduct door-to-door surveys.
  • First-time electronic data submission via a mobile application.
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Data Collection Details

  • First phase includes 33 questions, up from 17 in the 1872 census.
  • Assesses housing materials, ownership status, and access to clean water, sanitation, cooking fuel, internet, TV, radio, smartphone, and vehicles.
  • Aims to provide insights into living conditions amid economic growth and widespread poverty.

The Caste Inclusion Debate

  • First caste enumeration since 1931, involving a 1,000-year-old social hierarchy system.
  • Controversial: supporters argue it ensures political representation and welfare for disadvantaged groups.
  • Critics contend it may entrench social divisions and that India should move away from formalizing caste labels.
  • Caste affects Hindus and non-Hindus, with existing quotas for lower castes in government jobs and education.

Significance and Implications

  • Captures the diversity and complexity of Indian society.
  • Data will inform policy on economic development, social equity, and resource allocation.
  • Highlights the challenge of balancing tradition with modernization in a rapidly growing economy.
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